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IBM’s seemingly innocuous outsourcing decisions coincided with a fundamental upheaval in the industry. IBM let Intel and Microsoft in. Product design shifted from integral (components are designed only for a specific product and assembled by a single company) to modular (components can be used in a variety of products and have standard interfaces). As a result, components could be supplied by different vendors; the industry moved from a vertical to a horizontal structure.

The main idea of the paragraph

IBM’s seemingly innocuous outsourcing decisions coincided with a fundamental change in the industry, a change from a vertical to a horizontal industrial structure, and its product design shifted from integral to modular.

IBM看起来无关紧要的外包决定碰巧发生在计算机产业发生根本变化的时刻，即，计算机产业从垂直合作结构转变成水平合作结构，计算机的设计从整体设计转变成模块设计。

词语解释

1、integral：computers are designed only for a specific product and assembled by a single company 整体式

2、modular: components can be used in a variety of products and have standard interfaces 模块式

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