Resources

Special Terms
emerging markets The term emerging markets is commonly used to describe business and market activity in industrializing or emerging regions of the world. Originally brought into fashion in the 1980s by then World Bank economist Antoine van Agtmael, the term is sometimes loosely used as a replacement for emerging economies, but really signifies a business phenomenon that is not fully described or is constrained to geography or economic strength; such countries are considered to be in a transitional phase between developing and developed status. Examples of emerging markets include China, India, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, much of Southeast Asia, countries in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, parts of Africa and Latin America. Emphasizing the fluid nature of the category, political scientist Ian Bremmer defines an emerging market as “a country where politics matters at least as much as economics to the markets”.新兴市场；新兴国家
CEO(Chief Executive Officer) 首席执行官，执行总裁
chain of command 指挥系统，控制链
industrial product 工业产品
quality initiative 质量改进努力
net earnings 净收益
massive investment 巨额投资
training program 培训项目
productivity gains 生产率提高
market share 市场份额
annual budget 年度预算
intellectual capital 知识资本，智力资本
publicly traded companies 公开上市交易的公司
the American dream The term American Dream has had many shades of meaning throughout American history. Today, it generally refers to the idea that one's prosperity depends upon one's own abilities and hard work, not on a rigid class structure. For some, it is the opportunity to achieve more prosperity than they could in their countries of origin; for others, it is the opportunity for their children to grow up with an education and career opportunities; for still others, it is the opportunity to be an individual without the constraints imposed by class, caste, race, gender or ethnicity. It sometimes includes the idea of owning a home. While the term "American Dream" today is often associated with immigrants, native-born Americans can also be described as "pursuing the American Dream" or "living the American Dream".美国梦
Jack Welch Jack Welch is one of the best known and best admired of all corporate CEOs. He spent 20 years as the Chief Executive Officer of General Electric, one of America's largest corporations. Welch grew up in Salem, Massachusetts. He briefly describes his family life, involvement in high school sports, and his love of competition at a young age. He got his Master's Degree and later a Ph. D. degree in Chemical Engineering in University of Illinois. In October 1960, Welch accepted the job offer from GE and worked as an engineer for that company. In 1981, Welch achieved the rank of CEO. His first task was to eliminate the massive bureaucracy at GE, which had as many as 12 layers of management separating the factory workers from the CEO. Welch thought this was wasteful, and he proceeded to eliminate many of the vice-president and managerial jobs, cutting the layers from 12 down to 6. Jack Welch is a proven success as the CEO of GE. From 1981 till 2001, the market value of GE had grown from $12 billion to $ 170 billion. Starting from 1998, GE has been rated among "the most respected companies in the world" by the Financial Times. 杰克·韦尔奇
Croton-on-Hudson campus Croton-on-Hudson campus
通用电气公司的管理人员培训中心所在地,杰克·韦尔奇在过去的17年历曾经在这里为15 000 多名通用公司的管理人员办过讲座.
Six Sigma Six Sigma is a highly disciplined process that helps firms focus on developing and delivering near-perfect products and services. The word is a statistical term that measures how far a given process deviates from perfection. The central idea behind Six Sigma is that if one can measure how many "defects" one have in a process, you can systematically figure out how to eliminate them and get as close to "zero defects" as possible. Six sigma has three layers of meaning:
  1. Six sigma is a management philosophy. Six sigma is a customer based approach realizing that defects are expensive. Fewer defects mean lower costs and improved customer loyalty. The lowest cost, high value producer is the most competitive provider of goods and services. Six sigma is a way to achieve strategic business results.
  2. In a narrower sense, six sigma is a statistic. Six sigma processes will produce less than 3.4 defects or mistakes per million opportunities. Many successful six sigma projects do not achieve a 3.4 ppm or less defect rate. That just indicates that there is still opportunity.
  3. A third answer to what is six sigma is that six sigma management philosophy and achieve the six sigma level of 3.4 defects per million opportunities or less there is a process that is used. The six sigma process is define, measure, analyze, improve and control.
Super Bowl 美国超级橄榄球赛
Dow Jones & Co. 美国著名的报业集团，《华尔街日报》的出版者.该公司还以其编制并公布的反映纽约股票市场行市的道琼斯股票平均指数（Dow-Jones Averages）而著称。
locker-room culture The role of sports in Welch’s early life was profound; he would rely on lessons taken on the field time and again throughout his career. In his autobiography, Jack: Straight from the Gut, Welch described one instance in particular when his hockey team lost a game, to which he responded by throwing his stick and pouting. Immediately afterward Welch's mother marched straight into the locker room and took him to task in front of the team： “If you don't know how to lose, you'll never know how to win. If you don't know this, you shouldn't be playing” (2001).
Locker-room culture probably originated from this story, that is, if you don't know how to lose, you'll never know how to win. If you don't know this, you shouldn't be playing. 更衣室文化